Citing & quoting

 

Important note Citation & the Dutch word citaat are false friends! Quotation: what someone else has said or writtten; often surrounded by quotation marks Citation: a reference to the source where you have found the quotation. In the bibliography you can then find find the title, publisher, ... of this book.  As O'Connor and Arnold (1973: 5) state, 'every utterance we make contains in its intonation some indication of attitude'. Quotation: 'every utterance we make contains in its intonation some indication of attitude.' Citation: (1973: 5)

 

Whenever you summarize, paraphrase or quote part of another text, or when you wish to simply draw your reader's attention to another text, you must provide a citation.

In this regard, Kendell (1975: 41) remarks that two of the traditional prognoses are too well-established.

There are basically four types of citation & quotation.

1. Within-sentence quotations

According to Kim (1999: 10), "The World Trade Organization still has many obstacles to overcome, particularly with regard to decision-making processes."

2. Block and indented quotations (for quotations of more than 40 words)

As Kim (1999: 55) has indicated:

Although the WTO is a major improvement over the old GATT system, it is still a young organization and leaves much to be desired. Mostly, the organizatino lacks both the competence and the resources to deal with new trade areas such as investment and information; its formal and binding structure as well as rigid decision-making process hinders and even sometimes blocks any harmonization effort in new trade-related areas.

3. Paraphrase / Summary

According to Kim (1999: 10), the World Trade Organization needs to improve the processes by which decisions are made.

4. Generalization (combining several sources)

The ways in which decisions are made withint the World Trade Organization are typically inefficient (Mitchell 1997; Kim 1998; Kim 1999; Kirgis 1999).

Another important variable is whether the cited author is part of the syntax of the citing sentence or stands outside it, either in parentheses or as represented by a number (see style sheets in your field to see how it is done). The former are often called integral citations and the latter non-integral ones. Integral citations tend to focus the attention more on the researcher and rather less on the research. Here are some examples.

Integral

Hyland (1999) showed disciplinary variation in citation patterns.
Disciplinary viariation in citation patterns has been shown by Hyland (1999).
According to Hyland (1999), there is considerable disciplinary variation in citation patterns.

Nonintegral

There would appear to be considerable disciplinary variation in citation patterns (Hyland 1999).