-ing clauses of result

As an alternative to using sentence connectors such as therefore and as a result, causal relationships can also be expressed by -ing clauses of result.

The magma flows into the pores of the rocks; as a result, the rocks rupture.

The magma flows into the pores of the rocks, thus causing them to rupture.

A current is sent through the material. As a result, the electrons are polarized.

A current is sent through the material, polarizing the electrons.

Sometimes writers also use a preliminary subordinate clause to set the scene for the process.

When the ABS controller senses that a wheel is about to lock up, it automatically changes the pressure in the brake lines of the car. As a result, maximum brake performance is achieved.

When the ABS controller senses that a wheel is about to lock up, it automatically changes the pressure in the brake lines of the car, (thus) resulting in maximum brake performance.

Subordinate clause (optional):		When the ABS controller senses that a wheel is about to lock up
Main clause:		it automatically changes the pressure in the brake lines of the car,
(thus/thereby) -ing clause:		(thus) resulting in maximum brake performance.

This structure is particularly useful in problem-solution texts, because it can be used to express the next step in the process, a resulting problem, or a resulting solution. Here is a simple example:

Process:		Prices rise, thus leading to a drop in demand.
Problem:		Prices rise, thus increasing the chance of hyperinflation.
Solution:		Prices rise, thus increasing earnings that can then be reinvested in the enterprise.